Oilwick Lamps

IMG 2147 | LEHIGH COAL & NAVIGATION CO. - Extremely rare mule lamp made by Trethaway, polished steel with brass reinforced collar, marked diagonally across font in embossed letters L.C.&N.Co. for the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co., 3 5/8 in. high to lid, 2 in. base dia., 4 1/2 in. spout, ex-John Podgurski collection [The Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company (LC&NCo) was a prominent coal mining and shipping company first established in 1820 with the merger of the Lehigh Coal Mining Company and the Lehigh Navigation Company, both of which operated in the Lehigh Valley area of Pennsylvania beginning in 1818. The Company owned and operated an extensive system of coalmines in Pennsylvania’s Carbon and Schuylkill Counties, two canals, and several railroads and railways. The Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company is credited with shaping the course of the American industrial revolution in Pennsylvania, as it contributed to innovation in transportation, manufacturing, and use of natural resources. Entrepreneurs who worked in the cement, iron, and, subsequently, steel industries, drove the need for new methods of and routes for transportation. Although coal had likely been used first by Native Americans, a woodsman named Philip Ginder was widely credited with the discovery of anthracite, which led to the founding of the Lehigh Coal Mine Company on 10,000 acres of land between Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania (now Jim Thorpe) and Tamaqua, Pennsylvania in 1793. At the time, anthracite’s value was recognized but it was prohibitively expensive to transport, despite the relative ease in its mining. The Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company first attempted to construct roads and wagon tracks through the wilderness to Philadelphia, where anthracite was gaining in popularity. But distances and the weight of the rock proved to be insurmountable obstacles to a successful mining operation. Attention quickly turned to waterways as a means of transport, including the Lehigh River, but it was determined to be too difficult to navigate via the available watercraft of the period. All the while, anthracite was gaining in popularity, having been adopted by blacksmiths and ironworks. Josiah White and Erskine Hazard, owners of a nail works, first pioneered improvements to the navigability of the Lehigh River and introduced the anthracite industry to the Lehigh Valley. Interest in this new fuel spurred the partners to raise money to establish the Lehigh Navigation Company to improve the river; shortly thereafter the Lehigh Coal Company was formed in 1818. In 1820, realizing the interdependency of the two companies, the investors merged the two companies to form the Lehigh Navigation and Coal Company, which was renamed and incorporated as the Lehigh Coal and Navigation company in 1822. In the following years, increasingly larger shipments of anthracite were delivered to the Lehigh Valley and Philadelphia via flat boats known as arks. The need to document shipping routes, coal fields, and waterways, as well as to map property boundaries, likely motivated the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company to contract surveyors and cartographers to create maps and drawings. Increased development, including the construction of the Lehigh Canal, which stretched from Mauch Chunk to Easton in 1827, called for additional documentation. Also in 1827, the Company expanded its reach and grasp of technology to construct a railroad that extended from the Schuylkill mines to Mauch Chunk. During the same time, the network of canals continued to expand, with the opening of the Delaware Canal in 1832. In 1841 and 1862, catastrophic floods devastated the Company’s locks, dams and bridges, impacting canal, river, and railroad transportation of anthracite. Repairs were made, and new maps were made, along with updated technical drawings of locks and canals. Another technological development forged by the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company included the timely development of the Switchback Railroad, which was dependent upon gravity. In the 1850s, a gradual shift from canal transportation to railroads took place. By the beginning of the 20th century, coal had lost its hold on the energy market. Eventually, coal demand softened, thanks to the replacement of steam locomotive with diesels and the growth of other forms of heating. Expenses for upkeep outstripped declining canal revenue, forcing Lehigh Navigation to close in 1932. A large portion of the once-widely diversified LC&N depended upon coal, while subsidiaries owned the railroads and other profitable arms. Consequently, various boards oversaw the gradual contraction of the company and sales of bits and pieces. In 1966, Greenwood Stripping Co. bought the remaining coal properties, most located as originally exploited along the Panther Creek Valley, and sold them eight years later to Bethlehem Mines Corp. The coal property sale brought an end to the LC&N Company after 146 years of continuous operation.]

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